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Karacabey and Ozdemir, J Obes Wt Loss Ther 2012, 2:9
DOI: 10.4172/2165-7904.1000152
Journal of
Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy
ISSN: 2165-7904
Review Article
Open Access
The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the Immune System
Kursat Karacabey* and Nurfer Ozdemir
Physical Education and Sports, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
Abstract
Background: This study has been done to analyze the effect of nutritional elements on human immune system.
Human body possesses many elements in order to protect itself. In the simplest term, the outer creatine layer on the
skin is one of them. Human immune system, along with the cells in peripheries circulation, hormones and solvable
immuno modulators is fairly sophisticated and had yet not been resolved completely. Immune system, in human
organism detects the molecules which are unfamiliar to its own structure and responds to them in convenient terms.
In the event of pathogen factor entrance into human body, immune system steps in to action and creates immune
response.
There are many factors that affect immune system functions, one of those is nutrition. There is a significant
correlation between immune system and nutrition, furthermore malnutrition shouldn’t be considered as energy and
a protein deficiency alone. Due to these reasons, the main aim of nourishment is not merely to gain energy and
protein, but to enhance resistance against ailments with some specific nutriment and to turn the inflammatory response
in someone’s best interests. The nutriments which show beneficial effects on immune system are called. Immune
nutriments and nourishment on these nutriments is called immune diet. The main fields of application of immune diet is
patient undergoing surgery, traumatized, cancer patients, patients who need intensive care and patients with serious
infections such as sepsis.
Conclusions: In conclusion, in order to strengthen our immune system, to reduce the risks of ailments and to stay
healthy the body defence system in our body should be strengthened. To do so, particular costly medicines can be
used; however, regular exercises and having an immune diet will be more economical and natural preference.
Keywords: Nourishment; Immune system; Nutritional elements;
bodies that protects living organisms against harmful substances.
Immunological nourishment
Human body possesses many elements in self defence. One of the
simplest of those is outer creatine layer on the skin. Another element is
Introduction
biochemical body units [4].
Human beings are in close relation with the microorganisms that
Te substance that stimulates the immune system is generally
were common in nature. Immune system is a means of protection
known as nonspecific substance like macrophage and neutrophils
against the damaging effects of noxas, which cause infection in our
that enhance the defence capability of phagocytes. Te many of those
bodies. Immune system is a form of protection consisting of, thymus,
substances ad here the surfaces of phagocytes and lymphocyte cells
spleen, lymph nodes and some specific immunity cells [1].
and also stimulates the production of interferon, interleukin and
Immunity, on resistance against microorganisms acts both
sophisticated compositions, consequently activates the immune system
naturally and acquired in a complex mechanism, but they are mostly
[4].
in collaboration. One of the factors that affect natural resistance
Immune system has a structure that consists of similar neurologic
is nutrition. Malnutrition breaks down the immune functions by
system. One of the most significant traits of immune system is,
suppressing the immune system [1].
having the ability of recognizing the millions of different threats and
Te dietary factors that cause harm to immunity functions are
distinguishes them. Tanks to this trait, the functionary cells in immune
either deficient intake of macro-nutrient elements (fat, carbohydrate,
system, detect the unfamiliar object, memorise it and recognise it when
protein) or deficiency in some specific micronutrient elements
coming across later.
(vitamin, mineral, water). Balanced nutrition, especially in terms of
adequate vitamin, mineral and protein intake, enhances the resistance
Tese structures are; thymus spleen, lymph nodes and specific
against infections. Research’s show that balanced nutrition subsidizes
immunity cells. Immune system gets down to work as soon as
the immune system and Cary out vital importance on the system [2].
pathogenic factors entering the body. Tis defence carried out by
immune system against pathogenic called “immune response” [1,5,6].
Nutrition has an impact on body resistance and microbes. Excessive
strain, Traumas, Ambustions, etc., could cause protein destruction
consequently body resistance decreases. Malnutrition, especially in
*Corresponding author: Dr. Kursat Karacabey, Associate Professor,
childhood play vital role in catching illness and mortality. Malnutrition
Physical Education and Sports Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey, Tel:
paves the way for infections and their complications. Tis composed
+90,3423601616 ext1400; Fax: +90,3423600751; E-mail: kkaracabey@hotmail.com,
infection distorts the nutrition and abates the immunity [2,3].
kkaracabey@gmail.com
Received August 01, 2012; Accepted November 27, 2012; Published November
Te effects of nutritional elements on immune system has been a
29, 2012
study case for many research’s because there is significant influence on
Citation: Karacabey K, Ozdemir N (2012) The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the
supporting immune system and in deficiency it causes malfunction in
Immune System. J Obes Wt Loss Ther 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2165-7904.1000152
immune system [2,3].
Copyright: © 2012 Karacabey K, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
Immune system
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
Immune system is a common name for structures within our
original author and source are credited.
J Obes Wt Loss Ther
Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000152
ISSN: 2165-7904 JOWT, an open access journal
Citation: Karacabey K, Ozdemir N (2012) The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the Immune System. J Obes Wt Loss Ther 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2165-
7904.1000152
Page 2 of 6
Immune system is a moliminous mechanism in fighting against
diseases and sanitation. Te possible response of immune system
against body cells is called autoimmune reactions and consequently
autoimmune disorders occur [7-13] (Figures 1 and 2).
Effects of nutrition on immune system
It is known that each year in the world 6 million children die
because of infections caused by malnutrition due to breakdown in
immune system. Terefore we must make sure we consume adequate
protein, especially milk dairy products, eggs which are biologically
valuable proteins in order to keep our immune system strong [3].
Figure 2: The correlation between immune system and distorting health
In addition; we must also regularly consume foods which are
elements [2].
thought to be our first defence line against free radicals such as
Vitamin C, E and foods consisting of beta-carotene. Despite the fact
that infamous reputation of free radicals, they are highly needed in our
Vitamin E
lives and they only become dangerous when they are excessive.
Vitamin C
Vitamin B6
Folic acid
Micronutrients called antioxidants can provide protection against
free radicals. Antioxidant is a substance that prevents foods especially
fats from oxidation and spoilage. As the name suggests, it prevent
chain reactions by counteracting combination of oxygen with other
changes in
copper, zinc,
Proteins
antioxidant
iron, selenium,
substances, so those substances want be oxidized [14].
Amino acids
protection
Malnutrition breaks down the immunity functions by repressing
immune system. Repressive immune systems cases have been increasing
Lipids
recently [13]. Te dietary factors that cause malfunction in immune
Immune
system could be insufficient intake of energy and macronutrients
Response
(CHO, protein, fats) or deficiency of specific micronutrients [8].
Figure 3: Nutritional elements and immunity response relation [5].
Te nutriments which support and stimulate the immune system
are called “Immuno nutritional elements” and some effective vitamins
sulforafan derived from broccoli polyphenols from tea and wine,
are included in this group [15] (Figure 3).
solvable fiber delivered from barley and oat in those group of foods
Effective nutritional elements on immune system
[11].
Te nutriment which benefits our body physiologically or reduce
Carbohydrates (CHO): Carbohydrate is an important fuel cell
the risks of getting illnesses rather than nutritious features, are called
for immune system. Tat anaerobic glycolysis showing an increase
functional nutriments.
on lymphocytes, stimulated in mitogens, indicates the increase of
glucose as a fuel. However during the lymphocyte proliferation, usage
Te functional nutriments term indicate the correlation between
of carbohydrates for energy decreases. In this case, glycol tic mid
nutriments and health. Te functional nutriments maybe the
products are directed to purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis
nutriments that are consumed naturally in daily feeding habits or,
for cell growth [2,3,8].
those genetically modified, or enriched nutriments (eggs containing
omega-3, phytosterol added margarines) For instance, canola oil
Carbohydrates are nutriments largely found in vegetative foods
with improved fatty acid, cranberry juice for urinogenital cases, we
containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules [8,16]. Tey are
can also exemplify omega-3-fatty acid derived from fish and flaxseed,
classified as simplistic (sugar) and complicated (starch) Glue ides are
Iso - flavones derived from soy beans caratenoids (beta-carotene and
found in sugar , fruits and fruit juice. On the other hand complicated
lycopene) derived from carrots, tomatoes and other citrus fruits,
starch is found in vegetables, legumes and cereals. Carbohydrates are
situated in human body as glycogen in a small amount. Glycogen is
mostly in liver. In other organs and muscles a little amount of glycogen
Nutriton and diet
Obesity
Genetcs
exists.
Alchol
Gender
Consumpton
Tat being present in blood in the form of glucose in certain
amount, is very important in respect for provision of continuous energy
IMMUNE FUNCTION
Age
Exercise
for tissues [8,17]. It is emphasised that on high CHO diet, consignation
-Acute
of raw CHO sources affection of immune system negatively. Te key
-Chronic
Hormones
point that makes CHO an important figure in immune system is that, it
is the most important fuel and its ability of prevention the decrease of
Stress
Exposure to
Vaccine
-environmental
number of cells conjoint to apoptosis [18].
pathogenes
-pysiological
-psychological
Fats: Fats are among the most important nutrition sources for
our lives. Fats take an active pole in some biological functions such as;
Figure 1: Factors effecting immune function [8].
absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K needed for human and animal
J Obes Wt Loss Ther
Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000152
ISSN: 2165-7904 JOWT, an open access journal
Citation: Karacabey K, Ozdemir N (2012) The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the Immune System. J Obes Wt Loss Ther 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2165-
7904.1000152
Page 3 of 6
nutrition, being a source of omega 3 and omega 6 oil acid, being
Vitamins, minerals and other supporters: Another effective
functional at neuritis functions, provision of permeability and stability
nutritional element on immune system is vitamin. Vitamins are sub-
for cell membranes [18].
branch of nutritional elements which play important role on growth
and development, carrying out neurologic and digestion functions,
Fats are important energy sources 1 gram fat provides twice the
using nutrimental elements effectively, supporting immune system and
energy as protein and carbohydrate does [16]. Fat acids are powerful
keeping sanitary [21-23].
modulators of immune response. Studies on animals verify that
conjugated linoleic acid available in meat and dairy products stimulates
Besides the important functions on metabolism, they are on duty
the immune system and prevent breast cancer.
for keeping normal cellular function in order [9,11]. In the course of
inadequate intake, a break down occurs in growth and body functions.
Linoleic acid also decreases allergic sensitization. Diets, containing
Most vitamins are not synthesized in human body, therefore they
high amount of fats can also decrease cellular inflammatory activity
should be taken with the diet [10]. Vitamins distinguish as fat-soluble
and immune response [19]. It is a well known fact that omega 3 fat
(A,D,E,K) and water-soluble (B,C) [14,22] and the effects of these
acids lower blood pressure and plasma aggregation and inflammative
vitamins on immune system, have been study case for many research
response [18]. It also features in controlling cellular immune response
[9,23,24].
[11].
Ailments, related to vitamin deficiency occur, as a result of vitamin
Proteins: Proteins make up frame work for cells. Tey are also
deficiency. Vitamin deficiency causes repression in production of
framework of body defence systems, enzymes that control body
immune cells and cause malfunction [12,23].
functions, and some hormones [17].
It has been established that, vitamins that are considerably
Proteins are nutriments that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
important in general metabolism, are very functional at resistance
and oxygen in their chemical structures. Many immune mechanisms
and immune mechanism and vitamin A, vitamin C, pyridoxine,
rely on production of active protein compounds or cell replication. In
pantothenic acid and thiamine are very effective against infections. In
protein deficiency, functions of immune system decrease. It is thought
vitamin A and C deficiency, repression in studies stating that [20,23].
that the negative effect of protein deficiency on immunity is connected
with the effect of immune system regulator for some amino acids.
Using vitamins A, E, C beta, carotene, and folic acid along with
Deficiency in essential amino acid can also cause repression on immune
B12 as a supplement is very effective on cardiac vascular complaints
system. Too much consumption of some amino acids can cause diverse
and cancer mortality and morbidity. However some prospective
effect on immune system functions [19]. Te latest studies show that
trials suggest that β carotene supplements have little positive effect.
protein metabolism play an important role in formation of natural and
Nevertheless it has been reported that vitamin C have positive effect
acquired immunity against infections.
on atherosclerosis. Vitamin C supplementation for cancer patients
enhances the life quality and life time [21,25,26].
Arginine: Arginine is an amino acid mainly used for hospitalized
patience’s [20]. It is among the amino acids containing most nitrogen in
Water soluble vitamins:
the course of growth, illness or metabolic stress, endogenous syntheses
• Vitamin B: It is a water soluble vitamin. B-complex vitamins
remain incapable and it is regarded as conditional essential amino
are thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid
acid. It enhances lymphocytic progress and phagocytosis, and speeds
and biotin [13]. Apart from these, folic acid and B12 are among
up the wound healing. It enables normalization of T-cell response
the group B vitamins [22,23,25].
afer serious surgical procedures and traumas. On arginine deficiency,
NEK risk arises. It has also antitumor activity. It stimulates anabolic
It is thought that, riboflavin, vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid are
hormone cycle and enhances nitrogen balance [20]. It is required to
effective on immune system [14,26]. Vitamin B6, is the most needed
have a look at studies, done with arginine to determine its location in
one for immune system among other group B vitamins [21,22].
immune nutrition.
B12 and folic acid, play important role on protein, DNA and RNA
Glutamine: It is the most freely amino acid in blood. Besides it is an
synthesize. For this reason they are closely related to immune system.
important nutrient for prolific cells (blood cells, intestinal cells, cancer
In vitamins B6 deficiency, production of immune body and lymphocyte
cells, etc). It ranks among the antioxidants, glutathione pyrimidine
decreases. Same deficiencies emerge in folic acid deficiency [21,23].
nucleotides, gamma amino butyric acid syntheses. In some cases, such
Vitamin B12 also in close relation with folic acid and deficiency of it
as cancer treatment and intestinal injury, it has curative effects for
effects protein and nucleic acid synthesis negatively [22,23].
digestive system. By this way, it can prevent micro be contamination
to blood from intestines.
• Vitamin C: Te effects of vitamin C on immune system have
been argued for many years however many people have been
It also takes part in regularization of acid-base balance. It is
consuming it in order to avoid flu and catarrh. It has been seen
precursor of glutathione. In serious illness, it can be given either
from the studies that supplementation of vitamin C, enhances
through vascular access or orally; however presentation orally to those
the production of white blood cell, and immune body and
babies with low birth weight can lower the risks of fatality rate. It is also
helps their proceedings.
important for nitrogen transport between organs.
However the studies of the effects of Vitamin C on catarrh and
Patients that are given glutamine, afer bone marrow transplant,
upper respiratory infections show that it doesn’t reduce the infection
the number of lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, CD4+ and CD8+ is upwards
rate however it reduces the time and stress of incidents [12].
[6,20]. Because it is not crucial for an amino acid, which absence in
healthy bodies may not be a fail. Terefore, there is no need for daily
It is claimed that vitamin C protects the body against infections and
intake [21].
bacterial toxins. During the infections, the amount of vitamin C in the
J Obes Wt Loss Ther
Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000152
ISSN: 2165-7904 JOWT, an open access journal
Citation: Karacabey K, Ozdemir N (2012) The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the Immune System. J Obes Wt Loss Ther 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2165-
7904.1000152
Page 4 of 6
body decreases 12. Vitamin C also contributes to iron absorption; it is
coagulation and modification of protein that are dependent to
also known as anticancer element.
it, is thought to be in relation with some immune cells [38].
Protein S one of a dependent protein to vitamin K [14], is
Te functions of group B vitamins are so multifarious. For instance,
thought to be related to C4B binding protein (C4BP) and this
thiamine take charge in carbohydrate metabolism riboflavin in protein
relation indicates us positive results in favour of B cells [39].
and fat metabolism lastly niacin takes charge in all metabolic functions
[12,22,23,27].
Antioxidants: In the course of metabolic functioning a large
number of oxidant substances develop. Tese are so reactive free
• Vitamin A: Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin. Vitamin A that
radicals and they should be neutralized by antioxidants for not to be
is needed for body is supplied from retinol and caratenoids
harmful to cells.
[23,28]. It is mostly available in yolk, liver and milk fat.
However free radicals develop on normal body conditions, it can
Especially in children, pneumonia and diarrhoea progress slowly. If
also develop by radiation smoking, pollution, foods and medicines.
there is any vitamin A deficiency then course of illness having vitamin
Free radicals are use full to body, for they are used for killing microbes.
A makes the disturbance gentler. In vitamin A deficiency production
However, surplus and needless ones should be neutralized at once. In
of immune body decreases, if vitamin support is made immune body
the course of neutralization of free radicals, Se, Zn, Cu and Mn needed
production increases.
for enzymes to function.
It is thought that vitamin A may have anti inflammatory effect.
Vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin D, alfa tokoferol, beta-carotene,
Tere are many cases indicate that vitamin A support decreases the
uric acid, transferrin, seruloplazmin, flavonoids, lycopene (tomato)
inflammatory response in acne bronchopulmonary dysplasia and same
are elemental antioxidant substances. Tere is no need to take extra
cancer cells [29,30].
antioxidants for a person who has health food regularly. Te more
A fat soluble vitamin A, take charge in formation the epithelial
refined food consumption in daily consumption the fewer intakes of
tissues, which spreads over the body, visual function and provide
antioxidants [23,28].
continuity in immunity functions [30].
Vitamin A, C, E and enzymes such as beta carotene zinc, selenium,
• Vitamin D: Vitamin D which is derived from fish and fishy oil
copper, glutathione superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidise
and synthesized endogenously by isolation has [14,23] many
have this anti oxidant functions [11]. Vitamin A, C, E, zinc and selenium
responsibilities in providing the usual calcium and phosphorus
are called “war quintette” because of their power full antioxidant traits
level in blood absorbing calcium to the bones [31], muscle
[23].
contraction, nerve conduction and other cellular functions
Minerals: Minerals are colourless substances found in nutrients
[32-34].
and are vital for cellular functions [16] minerals are substances that
Afer determination of vitamin D receptor in cells, it has been
can’t be self created by body.
understood that it has many other functions apart from already known
Minerals generally collaborate with vitamins and provide vitamins
classical functions [23,32].
transportation to the most needed areas. At the same time, they play
It has been concluded in consequence of the studies conducted that
important role in blood pressure cardiac rhythm, muscular functions,
vitamin D might have immunomodulatory affects [7,13].
keeping the fluid balance, fertility and many more functions.
It is thought that, in adequate in take (50 mcg is recommended)
Te scientific studies show that mineral loss and deficiency affect
of it, it can be effective in carrying out optimal immune functions,
our health directly [17]. Tere are identified at least 13 vitamins as
reduction in autoimmune disease incident and enhancing the clinical
well as improperly distributed in tissues they all are available in fish
picture [7,33,35]. In the same time, it is a powerful immune system
[40]. Fish, as well as being a good source of poly unsaturated fatty acids
regulator [7,33].
(omega3) calcium, phosphor, selenium and iodine minerals for the
• Vitamin E: Vitamin E shows inhibitory activity to formation
development of brain functions, it also helps strengthen the immune
of immunomodulator and platelet [22] on the grounds that it
system [36].
is a fat soluble antioxidant, it enhances the immune response.
Aquatic products are magnificent calcium and phosphor course,
Having taking vitamin E, stimulates the enhancement of white
containing between 15 to 200 mg calcium in every 100 g and 100 to 400
blood cell, helps them to destroy foreign cells, helps destruction
mg in every 100 g in some species. Fish is recommended to those who
of microbes by special cells and enhance resistance against
need sodium died with the containable 60 mg sodium in 100 g muscle.
infectious agents. It also enhances immune body productivity.
Even though different results have been obtained, it has been
Potassium which functions as a catalyser in carbohydrate
seen that it lessened multiple infections while it has no effect on
and protein metabolism, eurhythmy, nerve transmission, muscle
respiratory tract infections in elderly.
contraction is found in fish meat in the ratio of between 250-500 mg
in every 100 g. Again fish meat is a good source of magnesium which
Vitamin E is effective in strengthening immune system. It enhances
functions as a catalyser in enzyme systems [40].
the body resistance against catarrh and other infections and prevents
vitamin A getting oxidized. It has important to consume good
Trace elements:
sources of vitamin E such as vegetables, hazelnut, walnut and legumes
• Selenium (Se): It is a crucial element which is needed for the
adequately [36,37]. Its antioxidant functions make vitamin E primarily
progression of both natural and acquired immune system. In
effective against infections [22].
serious diseases, deficiency in selenium increases the fatality
• Vitamin K: Vitamin K, which is a crucial vitamin for normal
rate considerably.
J Obes Wt Loss Ther
Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000152
ISSN: 2165-7904 JOWT, an open access journal
Citation: Karacabey K, Ozdemir N (2012) The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the Immune System. J Obes Wt Loss Ther 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2165-
7904.1000152
Page 5 of 6
Glutathione peroxidise which formed during daily metabolism
regulate the nutritional and microbial balance, are called probiotics
and which is catalyzing hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxidises is
[31,34,43]. Probiotic consumption has some immune inflammatory
determined to selenium. It ensures the integrity of cell membrane and
diseases e benefits; immune system stimulation, regulation, protection
prevents DNA damage. It reduces the fatality rate in sepsis treatment,
against enteric infections, and immune inflammatory diseases
infections rate in ambitions; consequently it reduces the antibiotic
(inflammatory bowel diseases) mitigation of lactose intolerance
usage. In default of it, antibody formation decreases, transportation
symptoms, reduction in blood cholesterol level and prevention of
of white blood cells slows down and injuriousness of some viruses’
cancer [11,45-47].
increases, Selenium support enhances the antibody level in blood.
It has been stated that, probiotics strengthen the mucosa defence
Tere are far more traits to be discovered about selenium [19].
systems and affects on immune stimulation. Probiotic bacteria
Selenium possesses important immunity functions in protection of
stimulate the immune system of host, by effecting specific immunity
cells against oxidative damage. Selenium is mostly found in aquatic
and natural immunity. It has also been stated that, the presence of
products, kidney, heart and liver and also in whole wheat [41-43].
probiotic bacteria in viable cell’s intestines, stimulates and strengthens
the immune system [44,46-48].
• Zinc (Zn): Zinc has features stimulating the immune system.
Zink helps prevention of infections in the long term. Beside
Conclusion
this, it has been seen that, zinc pastilles speed up the viral
It has essential to have a adequate and balanced nutrition for
diseases and are very effective in relieving the symptoms.
healthy growth and developments. Nutriment’s role in immune
It is needed for many enzyme activation including DNA and RNA
system functions can’t be ignored. Tat is to say, however healthy
synthesis. It has also antioxidant effect. In deficiency, malfunction in
our nourishment is, the stronger immune system we possess. Some
cellular immunity, deterioration in acrodermatitis and enteropatica,
nutritional elements, such as proteins antioxidants, and zinc have the
increase, in fungus, virus, bacterial infections; decrease in thymus gland
special benefits on immunity functions. Provision of these nutritional
and lymphocytes and changes in rations, diarrheal, malabsorption and
elements through natural foods will prevent person from the side
slowdown in growth occurs.
effects of overuse. Weight-loss programs, in which less than 1200
kilocalorie foods is consumed effect the immunity functions, for this
Te effects of zinc on immune system functions take place with
reason, these extremely unhealthy so-called fast weight-loss diets
immunity support. Adequately zinc intake improves the anticancer
should be avoided. A healthy immune system lets us fell well look well
effect of vitamin A and helps newly developed cancer cells by
and lets us use our energy more effectively. Remaining away from the
strengthening defence system. Te best zinc sources are giblets like
stressful factors, approaching life and events positively, keeping away
liver, meat aquatic products, eggs, cheese, walnut, hazelnut, whole
from smoking and alcohol, adequate and balanced nourishment and
wheat and whole wheat bread [40-44].
regular exercising are among the supports we can give to our immune
•Capper (Cu): Copper plays an important role in immune
system. However, sometimes, these supports become insufficient and
system development and continuation. Even though, both
we may need some strengthening out sourcing for our immune system.
deficiency and superabundance cause some negative effects
Tis supports should be preferred through natural nutrients rather
on immune system, in take with food is generally sufficient
than medications.
and immunity problems relating to capper deficiency aren’t
For a proper nourishment program, it is advised to seek professional
encountered [43,44].
help from a die titian. It has been proved that, fresh fish, vegetables,
• Iron
(Fe): Both deficiency and superabundance have an
mushrooms, medicinal herbs, herbal teas, omega 3 fat acids (plentifully
effect on immune system. Virus and bacteria need iron for
available in salmon and mackerel) complex carbohydrates, yogurt,
proliferation. Tere for during acute infectious diseases, giving
kefir and seaweed stimulate the T-cells and other immune cells.
iron should be avoided. In iron deficiency, transportation
Every individual should have an adequate and balanced diet
of white blood cells toward infectious areas decreases and
and have sufficient amount of vitamins in order to have a functional
destruction of microbes that entered in cells abates.
immune system. It’s vital to have a balanced diet for straightening the
Fertility of lymphocyte, in charge of defence, is affected negatively in
immune system and reduce the risks of catching infections.
deficiency of iron. However, cells, in charge of production of antibody,
Consequently in order to strengthen the immune system, reduce
what is called humoral immunity aren’t affected by iron deficiency. It
the risks of diseases and stay healthy, natural defence system of our
can be emphasised that, in areas wide spread of malaria; iron support
organism should be strengthen. To achieve this, particular costly
to children can increase the complications [22,23,43].
medicines can be used or alternatively regular exercise and having
Prebiotics and probiotics: Probiotic products are beneficiary
immunological nutrients will be more economical and natural
microorganism added nutrients. Intestines are known as the biggest
preference.
immune organ in body. Intestines bacteria are always in interactivity
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Non-pathogenic microorganisms, which regulate mucosal and
systemic immunity when taken with foods, are separately and which
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J Obes Wt Loss Ther
Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000152
ISSN: 2165-7904 JOWT, an open access journal
Citation: Karacabey K, Ozdemir N (2012) The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the Immune System. J Obes Wt Loss Ther 2: 152. doi:10.4172/2165-
7904.1000152
Page 6 of 6
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J Obes Wt Loss Ther
Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000152
ISSN: 2165-7904 JOWT, an open access journal